Matter is defined as the "material substance that constitutes the observable universe and, together with energy, forms the basis of all objective phenomena" and the energy is defined as "the capacity for doing work" (Encyclopedia Britannica). Matter is a specialized entity associated with energy and has attributes of mass and real existence in space and time. It gives the existence a sense of reality. Effort or the capacity to do work is the energy. Hence, matter and energy are distinctly separate entities. Matter being a real entity and energy being a functional entity, neither of them can be converted or reverted to the other.

A change in the state of matter (a body) constitutes work. A matter body cannot change its state on its own. In order to change the state of a matter body, work has to be created in association with the matter of the body. Required work can also be transferred into a body from another body outside its border. Rate of such transfer is a force. A change in the state of a matter body produces strain in and about the body. This strain is the energy invested with the body. Energy has no independent existence. It is a functional entity, indicating the strain about the matter particles of a body, on which certain work is done to change its state.

All diverse substances in the universe (or multi-verse) are essentially made from the same basic material and in a similar manner. They should all be (basically) identical and obey the same basic laws under all conditions. It is illogical to assume the occurrences of singularities and different applications of the same laws, depending on the parameters of a body (different at microscopic and macroscopic scales). Nature is simple and logical. Therefore, all physical laws operating in the process of creation and apparent interactions of matter bodies should also be simple and logical. Complicated or illogical physical laws are unnatural. Irrational assumptions and mysterious forces or their apparent actions are unscientific.

The concept, explained as a hypothesis in this book, follows the approach of the classical physics, in that; it primarily gives conceptual explanations of physical phenomena related to matter. A physical law should be based on a concept that should be simple enough to be conveyed in plain language. For this reason, it is the aim of the present book to convey an alternative concept in a simple language without the use of complicated mathematics. A comprehensive study can be undertaken at a later stage, with proper mathematical treatments. All explanations in this text are with respect to a steady (absolute) external reference frame. "Cause and effect relation" is strictly maintained in all explanations.

A three-dimensional matter body, by its definition, contains matter. Therefore, it is incorrect to assume virtual or mass-less 3D objects and their part in any interactions. Science explains most of the observed physical phenomena in the universe. Some of the explanations vary in different contexts. There are some phenomena, which do not have satisfactory explanations. E.g.: Nature of matter and energy, development and reversion of three-dimensional matter, nature of gravity and other natural forces, binding force of nucleons in an atom, collapse of matter, nature of energy radiation, nature of electric charge, etc., to name a few. Many of the observed phenomena are explained on assumed fundamentals and the basic reasons for such explanations are not made clear. E.g.: structure of radiating energy particles, structure and creation of subatomic particles, conception and production of electric charge, cause of inertia and momentum, application of force and many more. This book "Hypothesis on MATTER" is an attempt to explain of matter in all its forms, including its very basic nature. Matter and all its apparent interactions, starting from the minutest particle to the largest systems of matter (limited only by the scope of the text) are included in this text. When accepted and elaborated, this concept will give simple and satisfactory explanations to every physical phenomenon (related to matter) observed in nature.

By postulating an ideal fundamental particle, it is possible to develop a concept to explain all physical phenomena related to matter. If this concept can provide reasonable and logical explanations, it should be judged as correct. In this book, an alternative concept is proposed on the nature and development of matter from the postulated ‘basic matter particles’ and their interactions in space. Characteristic properties of the postulated "basic matter particle" are so chosen that they are able to account for all physical properties of the three dimensional matter, space and all their apparent interactions in nature. When developed fully, this concept can lead towards a unified theory on matter and its interactions.

The concept, explained in this book, does not aim to oppose any of the present theories. Its aim is to present an alternative model to provide logical explanations to all phenomena including those, which do not have rational explanations at present and to provide lucid explanations to those, which do not have clear and logical explanations, without using great many assumptions. At present there are many scientific theories, which when taken together, contradict themselves but each one is good enough to explain a particular phenomenon. An attempt to explain these contradictions becomes illogical and on many occasions introduces virtual objects and unnecessary assumptions. Alternative concept, presented in this book, encompasses all apparent interactions of three dimensional matter under all conditions.

Matter, as we know it today, is a fact of our observation. It is the real substance; we actually come across in every day life. There is nothing virtual or imaginary about the matter. It cannot exhibit different fundamental properties under different conditions. Fundamental laws of physics should hold true under all conditions. Most of the present-day theories are developed from observation of the matter and its apparent interactions. These theories attempt to construe and explain the observed phenomena. Nevertheless, in this book (like some of the other theoretical concepts), the matter is defined and its nature is derived purely on a theoretical basis. It is then compared with empirical data to show that the ‘real three-dimensional matter’ itself is not the basis of all that is observed.

Other than the ‘basic matter particles’, no other bodies (virtual or otherwise) are assumed or taken for granted in this concept. All basic matter particles have definite structure and properties to form all other superior matter bodies. Matter, which we come across in nature, is developed through various steps of conversions of the ‘basic matter particles’ (without any changes to their fundamental nature) into more and more complicated and self-sustaining objects to form different fundamental particles and larger bodies found in nature. These self-sustaining objects (despite the fact that they are made from the same basic matter particles and in a similar manner), depending on their structure, exhibit diverse properties and apparently interact with each other in different ways.

Aim of this book is to supply logical and comprehensive explanations for all different behaviors and properties of matter, suitable for all occasions, based on the initial postulations. This is carried out by keeping aside all the present-day assumptions and starting the development of this concept from the postulated nature of the "basic matter particle" itself. No abstract logical system can work on many basic assumptions. If a system has more than few basic assumptions, its chain of reasoning will no more be logical. Fewer the basic assumptions, more logical the system will be. For this reason, only one type of particles with definite properties is postulated. This one type of particles, the ‘quanta of matter’, on which this concept is based, is sufficient to account for all diverse phenomena observed in nature.

Author’s meager resources limit this study. At this stage, not all conclusions reached in the text are claimed to be true. It is up to the learned physicists to determine the validity of these conclusions after studying both the reasoning and the conclusions, given in this book. Only claim made at present is that these conclusions are logical consequences of the postulations made in the beginning of the book and they are better suited to (logically) explain all phenomena related to the matter. Many ideas expressed in this book are contrary to the current beliefs. All assumptions of present-day science are refuted and all actions are shown to be the results of preceding causes. Most of the conclusions, arrived at in this process, are contradictory to present-day thinking and beliefs. This alone should not be considered as a disqualification. Reader is requested to give a verdict only after reading through the text at least once (in a sequential order). All conclusions in this book are arrived at by independent reasoning, starting from the postulations (about the basic matter particles) used in this concept. These are not based or linked to any of the existing theories other than the basic physical laws. Even these laws are used only so much as necessary to provide explanations to the points presented. Reader is requested to pursue this text unbiased and with patience. In order to understand the chain of reasoning it is necessary to follow the text in a sequential order, starting from chapter 2 until the last chapter. As the text progresses, the ideas expressed in it will become clear, logical and compatible with present-day observations. The simplicity of this concept is not in its basic development but once the basics of the concept and the chain of its reasoning are understood, explanations of all physical phenomena become very simple and logical.

In this concept, there is no notion of ‘pull’ forces. All forces and their resultants are of ‘push’ nature. However, in order to make the explanations clearer, unless specifically mentioned, present convention of forces being of ‘pull’ nature is also used. Difference is that ‘pull’ forces are represented by arrows away from the point of application and the body is presumed to follow the force. In case of ‘push’ force, the arrows representing the forces are directed towards the point of application and the body precedes the force. As far as possible, conventional names of the particles and effects are used (though some times they do not mean exactly the same) in this text. All such names are to be understood only in the context of this book. Explanations given in this book are brief and limited to the points, just enough to give parallel but more logical interpretation of any phenomenon, based on the initial postulations. Only very few notes on the present-day theories are included in this book. They are mentioned only to emphasize the differences and deviations of this concept from the present-day theories, rather than as a criticism of any sort. Readers may draw up full comparison with the present-day theories, on their own.

In formal or abstract logic that is used in mathematics, we have the advantage of being able to decide whether or not a reasoning is valid without being psychologically influenced by the statements. Notations given in mathematics have no specific meanings. They may be given many different meanings. Thus, it becomes much easier to tell a good reasoning from bad when the arguments are exhibited in their skeleton form in the notations. In this form, they are just ‘propositional functions’. However, conclusions reached in mathematical treatments cannot be considered assertions until meanings are assigned to the notations used. Only then, they become ‘propositions’. The resulting statements may be true, false or nonsense. Consequently, similar conclusions reached mathematically (using propositional functions) in two sets of arguments do not guarantee similar conclusions when propositions are used. This fact is often overlooked by those who insist on mathematical treatments as the sole criteria for a good theory. The concept explained in this book is developed on the basis of deductive logic.

Only real matter bodies can have (inertial) motion in space and we accept the three-dimensional bodies as the only real matter bodies. Hence, the field forces or (inertial) actions can exist only in relation to 3D bodies. Although the 2D energy fields and the quanta of matter (considered in this book) are real bodies, they are not accepted so. For the present, they are functional entities. In order to consider the (inertial) actions on the quanta of matter and generation of forces in the 2D energy fields, a new system has to be evolved on the basis, which takes the quanta of matter as real matter bodies. Functional terms, like a plane has to be defined in terms of its real thickness, etc. Only then mathematical evaluation of actions in the 2D energy fields is possible.

Any good concept should be explainable in plain language. Therefore, as far as possible, use of mathematics is avoided in this text and effort is concentrated in placing the chain of reasoning in simple everyday language. In most cases, the calculations required are repetitions of those currently exist in practice. Most units of measurements, constants of proportion and calculations, used at present, are based on "SI unit" of mass. The units and measurement of mass are defined in relation to Avogadro’s number, which this concept does not take to be correct. In addition, at present, the mass of a body is regarded as dependent not only on its matter content but also on its velocity. This view is also slightly modified in this concept. Another hindrance to presentation of calculations is the bifurcation of present-day "energy", in this text, into two parts – matter and work-done. Even those simple calculations presented here are rough and the results are only approximate. Calculations undertaken in this text are done in relation to present units and formulas. They are to be understood by keeping these restrictions in mind.

A matter particle or a composite 3D body, which is independent of all external influences (other than gravitational effects) and that can respond independently to external forces is referred, in this book, as a free body. Free space is the region of space that is devoid of all 3D particles/bodies except the particle/body considered. Each spectator observes a body relative to himself. Hence, the parameters of a body, estimated on the basis of relative parameters observed by him is not scientifically correct. (Some of the fundamental theories, presently used, are based on relative or apparent parameters rather than absolute parameters of a body). Correct parameters of a body are relative to an absolute reference. 2D energy fields, explained in this book, provide a reference nearest to an absolute reference.

This book is only a theoretical approach, within the very limited facilities available to me. My intention is to present these ideas to the learned persons of science for critical evaluation. Detailed study on this concept and mathematical and experimental confirmations, wherever necessary, can be attempted at a later stage. I am aware of the fact that condensing the explanations and inefficient usage of the language might have reduced clarity of my presentation of these ideas. Reader is requested to forgive this shortcoming and pursue the text without prejudice and bias. This book is not edited by an expert.

Kindly beware that you will come across some statements, in this book, which are or seem to be bizarre and against well-established and widely followed norms. Do not be discouraged or tempted to abandon the reading. Please proceed to pursue the text and the reasons for such statements will be made clear, as you proceed in a sequential order. Most important thing while reading this book is to have an open mind. Taking any part of the text in isolation (without having followed the chain of reasoning) can cause confusion. Once the reader picks up the chain of reasoning, this concept will become very simple and logical.

Basic idea presented in this text is nothing new. When "Christiaan Huyghens" proposed the wave theory of light, it was assumed that light is propagated in the form of waves through an all-pervading hypothetical medium called aether. As the theory advanced, other radiations were also included with light, in the common heading of electromagnetic waves. Still later, as the existence of the aether could not be proved, notion of a propagating medium was lost. Nevertheless, the idea of the radiation being in the form of waves is still maintained. At present, it is assumed that these waves of radiations are propagated through the empty space and no material-continuity of the space is needed for the transmission of the electromagnetic waves. This is clearly not logical. In this concept, it is seen that the all-pervading medium does exist and it is called, in this book, by the name "2D energy fields" instead of aether. Considering ‘the 2D energy fields’, in place of the hypothetical medium "aether" – although it is only a functional entity but no more a hypothetical one – the medium is given specific characteristic properties. By having a medium of propagation for all wave like radiations, such phenomenon become more logical. Having an all-encompassing medium does away with "actions at a distance". All other ideas expressed here are developed from this basic idea.

Due to blind faith in some of the most fundamental theories, few errors have crept into earlier edition of this book. They are corrected in this edition. Any other errors noticed during further studies will be corrected later. I believe that our observation and empirical science cannot be wholly free from theoretical hypothesis. Hence, I humbly submit this book for your critical scrutiny. I hope and wish you would let me know your frank and honest opinion. Volunteers are welcome to undertake (independent) experiments and mathematical calculations to confirm or disprove the conclusions of this book. All criticisms, suggestions for improvement and enquiries are most welcome. Kindly address them to:

In view of the feedbacks received, after the publication of the first edition of this book, it has become necessary to add more details to the explanations of few phenomena. Continued study on the concept has changed certain ambiguous views expressed in the first edition of this hypothesis. However, the basic concept is not changed. Therefore, it is appropriate to publish this second edition of the book. Few more topics are included in this edition.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Josey John, M.Tech. and Anita Varghese, without whose help and encouragement, this project could not reach this stage.

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© Copyright: Nainan K. Varghese, 1997.

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